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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults suffering from ADHD also suffer from comorbid disorders such as major depression (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many sufferers do not respond to medication for depression and may benefit from psychotherapy. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and boost levels of certain brain chemicals. The most frequently prescribed stimulants include amphetamine, methylphenidate, and similar medications. Medicines Many medications that are used to treat ADHD in children can also be used for adults. The dosages and the side effects are different. A doctor will consider the medical history of the patient, family history, and other health conditions to determine what medication is the best for them. The most common kind of ADHD medication is stimulant and is used to regulate levels of two chemical messengers in the brain, norepinephrine as well as dopamine. Stimulants like methylphenidate (also known as Adderall) and dextroamphetamine increase the availability of neurotransmitters that aid in improving focus, reduce impulsivity and reduce aggression. These stimulants are available in various forms, including skin patches, liquids and chewable tablets. Long-acting versions of these stimulants are preferable because they provide better patient compliance and longer lasting and smoother improvement of symptoms. It is important to keep in mind that comorbid conditions such as anxiety and depression can alter the effectiveness of ADHD medications. Therefore it is recommended that mental health issues be treated first and medication used as a secondary measure. Some medications that are used to treat comorbid psychiatric disorders include atomoxetine and bupropion and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004). Some patients may experience some patients may experience a “rebound” effect where they experience a worsening of ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medications. In adhd in adults treatment of a lower dose of stimulant medication can be helpful. Some people are unable to tolerate stimulant medications or are not able to take them due to abuse of drugs or other health conditions, like heart issues that are severe or hypertension. In these instances, non-stimulant drugs like atomoxetine or viloxazine can be effective. These drugs don't have the same adverse effects as stimulants, and they are less likely to be misused or misused. Psychotherapy People suffering from ADHD can benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help people with ADHD to improve their lives, manage anxiety and stress, resolve conflicts, or deal with problems in their relationships or at work. It can also help those suffering from mental illness that are co-existing like depression and substance use disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as well as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as well as schema therapy. These treatments are based on the idea that beliefs and thoughts can affect how a person behaves, thinks and feels. CBT helps an individual identify negative thoughts and behaviors and then formulate and implement positive strategies to alter these. The use of meditation techniques in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help someone focus on their thoughts and emotions, control impulses, and improve executive functioning. Schema therapy, and other forms psychotherapy that focus on a person's family history could be beneficial for people with ADHD. Psychotherapy, as well as medication, can help with specific ADHD issues, such as difficulty completing schoolwork or getting along with other people. It can also help in avoiding important dates and responsibilities, and making decisions that are impulsive and could lead to legal and financial issues. It can help a person overcome underlying issues such as anxiety and depression that could be contributing to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can assist a person develop healthy coping strategies and reduce stress through exercises, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also provide assistance to a family member or partner who is dealing with the effects ADHD can have on their relationship. Therapy for families and marriage helps families and couples learn to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a kind of psychotherapy that focuses on changing the patterns of negative thinking of the client. It employs dialogue based on skill with a skilled mental health professional (a therapist) to address the underlying causes of their symptoms. This treatment aims to assist clients overcome their limitations and develop coping strategies that are appropriate to their daily lives. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT teach clients how to identify unhelpful thought patterns and help them develop skills to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can take a while. However, it's a good alternative for adults who aren't getting enough relief from medications. A recent RCT study concluded that when paired with medication, CBT is superior to cognitive behavioral therapy alone in improving the core symptoms, emotional symptoms, self-esteem and social functioning of adults with ADHD (Clarke and colleagues., 2017). The combination of CBT and methylphenidate is particularly effective for those who have more severe underlying problems. Therapists who provide this type of treatment work with their clients to create an action plan that addresses the specific issues they face. They train them in a series of skills that are simple to master and have a good chance of success. A chart system is often used to monitor progress, and reward positive behaviors. For an infant, this could include a daily report which outlines the school activities or positive behaviors they have to perform, as well as a system for tracking and earning rewards. The therapists could consider creating negative consequences if the child fails to complete their work. This can be done in a very sensitive and supportive way. Metacognitive Therapy A more recent form of therapy, metacognitive therapy assists individuals in changing how they think. This type of therapy can be beneficial for those who suffer from various mental health problems, such as depression. It's a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps people to identify their negative thinking patterns and how they affect their moods. This type of therapy may also assist in the acquisition of psychological tools that are flexible and effective. This study aimed to examine the relationship between metacognitive skills and daily functioning among adults with ADHD. To do this, we compared self and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning with predictors of Metacognition (comprehensive Knowledge, Regulation of Cognition, Debugging Information Management and Evaluation). It was found that the comprehensive knowledge of people was linked to daily functioning in adults with ADHD but that the processes of regulation were not. Metacognition predictors had moderate predictive power which indicates that they can be the cause of significant variation in the daily functioning of adults suffering from ADHD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying metacognitive beliefs that are dysfunctional and perpetuate states of worry or rumination as well as attention fixation. MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model created by Wells and Gerald Matthews. MCT has been shown to be effective in treating illness anxiety disorder. However, it's still a relatively new treatment and more research is needed to determine if it can help with other disorders. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of MCT in decreasing symptoms of anxiety disorder, but it can be applied to a range of disorders, and may be more effective than other treatments. It is not a cure, but it could be employed to treat ADHD. Family Therapy In family therapy, the therapist collaborates with all members of the family. Everyone is able to better understand the client's issues and learn how to help their loved ones. It also assists them in dealing with their anger and develop more effective communication skills. In addition, this type of counseling is useful for addressing comorbidities such as depression and alcohol abuse, which are commonly seen alongside ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session to better understand the family's perspective and determine if they are suitable for family intervention. This can be conducted online or in person. The Therapist will discuss the nature of the therapy with each person and spell out the do's and don'ts of family therapy. A therapist who has experience in treating adults with ADHD will ask lots of questions to gain an insight into the client's current symptoms, their history, and their impact on their work, family life and relationships. They will also ask whether there are other mental health issues that are present like anxiety or depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a method of counseling that is structured which teaches you to change your negative patterns of thinking and to manage your behavior. It focuses on improving your self-esteem and self-control by teaching you methods to deal with anger and stress. This is a short-term solution that can be utilized alongside other types of psychotherapy. Individual therapy can help people with ADHD to manage the emotional baggage that comes from underachievement and failure. It can also help them deal problems with relationships or job changes as well as academic difficulties. It can teach stress reduction and coping techniques and also how to manage your finances and time. It can also address problems that are comorbid, such as depression and anxiety, which are often seen as a result of ADHD.